1.針對病人居高不下之高血鈣有無合適之降鈣藥物?
下兩圖為高血鈣的原因,分成急性慢性、PTH高與低
最常見有二:
l PTH高:副甲狀腺素促進蝕骨細胞挖出骨鈣、促進腎再吸收Ca排出P、間接(1-hydroxylation)活化Vit D以促進腸道吸收鈣
但本次病人PTH不高,是vit D補充過多(半衰期15天)+腎功能惡化=vit D排不出去=增加腸道吸收Ca
。
l 來源:Vit
D主要從肉、魚、乳製品、營養品中獲得,以及光照皮膚生成。少見情況為granuloma(肉芽腫)包括類肉瘤病(Sarcoidosis)以及tuberculosis;還有特定lymphoma也可能產過量vit D造成中毒,此時會給steroid治療。
l Vit D為脂溶性,儲存於肝臟與脂肪細胞。不易從腎臟排除,國建署建議70歲以上每日15mcg(600IU),上限50mcg(2000IU),但究竟吃多少、吃多久會造成毒性,說法眾多,只能看病人臨床表現
l Vit D(calcitriol )促進腸道吸收 Ca、P,促進蝕骨細胞bone reabsorption→過量造成高血鈣
l Vit D排泄:從膽糞排出
活性態Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), half-life ~ 15 hours
calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3) half-life ~ 15 day
l 洗腎洗不掉
鈣在體內的分布
血中total Ca=2.5mmol/L(8-10mg/dL)
但只有1.25mmol/L (1.13-1.31)是free ionized Ca
Vit
D中毒的表現就是高血鈣,其臨床表現為:
Renal |
l
多尿、多渴→脫水 l
慢性高血鈣→腎結石、腎鈣化 l
腎源性尿崩症(對血管加壓素反應缺陷) l
AKI、CKD酸排不出去→遠曲小管acidosis |
Gastrointestinal |
厭食, N/V、腸過動或便秘、胰臟炎、胃潰瘍 |
Musculoskeletal |
肌無力、骨痛、骨鬆 |
Neurologic |
混亂、專注力下降、虛弱、昏迷 |
Cardiovascular |
QT interval縮短、Bradycardia、HTN |
正常血鈣濃度8~10mg/dl、free Ca (ionized Ca)1.13-1.31mmol/L
free Ca (mg/dL) = measured total Ca (mg/dL) + 0.8 (4.0 - serum alb [g/dL])
發生症狀與血鈣濃度、上升速度有關,有症狀才需治療、沒症狀則避免繼續增加血鈣
l
輕-中度高血鈣、慢性高血鈣(Ca 12-14 mg/dL、free Ca 1.32-1.5 mmol/L),若無症狀,不需馬上治療,僅避免下列升鈣的處置:(thiazide、lithium
carbonate、脫水、臥床、vitamin D、高鈣飲食(>1000 mg/day))
l
急性升血鈣、嚴重高血鈣(Ca
>14 mg/dL、free Ca >1.7mmol/L),需治療:
n
給NS:若無水腫,流速200 ~ 300 mL/hr,維持U/O 100 to 150 mL/hr
但高血鈣以及HF會造成腎功能下降、限制排水能力,造成水腫與鈉過量。所以CCr低、HF者,可以加上loop diuretics (如Lasix)幫助排水與排鈣,但不要給thiazide
n
降鈣素calcitonin
4 IU/kg Q12H to 6-8 IU/kg Q6H IM or SC:增加腎臟排Ca、抑制蝕骨細胞bone reabsorption。Onset 4-6hr,可降Ca 1 -2
mg/dL (0.3-0.5 mmol/L) duration 48 hr。因為tachyphylaxis,
(receptor downregulation)48hr後再用就沒什麼效果了,所以通常保留for total Ca >14 mg/dL (3.5 mmol/L)急性降Ca用
n
bisphosphonates抑制蝕骨細胞bone
reabsorption達降鈣效果,onset 24-72hr維持2-4週,效果較前二者持久。但要小心下顎壞死、低血鈣、爛腎的副作用,所以ccr<30不建議用,真要用需搭配NS hydration
n
steroid治療: for少見情況granuloma(肉芽腫)包括類肉瘤病(Sarcoidosis)以及tuberculosis,還有特定lymphoma。steroid可以抑制在肺或淋巴結中被活化的單核球,減少Vit D的製造
n
洗腎:最後一招,for嚴重腫瘤導致高鈣、ESRD、HF無法給水者。要注意洗腎液的配方,像是P最好可以多一點,不然洗到後面鈣洗掉了P也洗掉了
2.若為維生素D過量導致之高血鈣有無相關螯合劑以利其更快排出人體?
沒有!只能給水,減少來源,處理高鈣,祈禱vit D快點排出體外(t1/2 :15天)
Treatment of hypercalcemia
Intervention |
Mode of action |
Onset of action |
Duration of action |
Isotonic saline
hydration (NS) |
Restoration
of intravascular volume Increases
urinary calcium excretion |
Hours |
During infusion |
Calcitonin |
Inhibits
bone resorption via interference with osteoclast function Promotes urinary
calcium excretion |
4 to 6 hours |
48 hours |
Bisphosphonates |
Inhibit bone
resorption via interference with osteoclast recruitment and function |
24 to 72 hours |
2 to
4 weeks |
Loop diuretics* |
Increase urinary
calcium excretion via inhibition of calcium reabsorption in the loop of Henle |
Hours |
During therapy |
Glucocorticoids |
Decrease
intestinal calcium absorption Decrease
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D production by activated mononuclear cells in patients
with granulomatous diseases or lymphoma |
2 to 5 days |
Days to weeks |
Denosumab |
Inhibits bone
resorption via inhibition of RANKL |
4 to 10 days |
4 to 15 weeks |
Calcimimetics |
Calcium-sensing
receptor agonist, reduces PTH (parathyroid carcinoma, secondary
hyperparathyroidism in CKD) |
2 to 3 days |
During therapy |
Dialysis |
Low or no
calcium dialysate |
Hours |
During treatment |
RANKL:
receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand; PTH: parathyroid
hormone; CKD: chronic kidney disease.
* Loop diuretics should not be used routinely. However, in patients with renal
insufficiency or heart failure, judicious use of loop diuretics may be required
to prevent fluid overload during saline hydration.
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